(30) In addition to these four endemic CoVs, three highly pathogenic respiratory betacoronaviruses have emerged from bats and caused severe outbreaks in humans during the 21st century. (28,29) These CoVs are considered to be of low pathogenicity, with infection typically resulting in mild or moderate symptoms in immunocompetent individuals.

Later, the coronaviruses NL63 and HKU1 were first identified in 20, respectively, and have been added to the spectrum of viruses that cause the common cold. We also discuss selected key discoveries from each topic and underline the gaps of knowledge for future investigations.įor approximately 40 years, no additional coronaviruses capable of infecting humans had been described. Here we provide an overview of the state of the art of knowledge gained in the last 2 years about the virus and COVID-19, including its origin and natural reservoir hosts, viral etiology, epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, emerging variants, and vaccines, highlighting important differences from previously known highly pathogenic coronaviruses.

The crisis caused by COVID-19 has mobilized scientists and public health authorities across the world to rapidly improve our knowledge about this devastating disease, shedding light on its management and control, and spawned the development of new countermeasures.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible and virulent human-infecting coronavirus that emerged in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, causing a respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has massively impacted global public health and caused widespread disruption to daily life.

Hard disk sentinel pro 4.7 preactivated